Analysis Of The Movie Miranda August - 1792 Words

Throughout this year, I’ve ready numerous bodies of text varying from poems, plays, novels, and essays, which were all meaningful literary pieces with profound influence on pertinent topics as well as controversial ones. These literary pieces, alongside the work of Miranda July, an author who best represents my current generation (millennials), aided in unveiling the universal theme: reality is dictated by your perception. This paper will discuss the texts read and analyzed throughout my English class, as well as explore any similarities between the overarching theme and Miranda July. Literature Review Miranda July is an American film director, screenwriter, author, actor, and artist, who owns several award-winning books, such as her most†¦show more content†¦Her audience is completely engaged, each audience member seems to play an actual citizen in her new society, and many jump into the stage from their seats to participate. Participation varies from death, birth, and kissing between audience members. (2014) Overall, Miranda July’s presentation is a unique community-creating process that brings together unfamiliar people and puts them in a situation that emulates the creation of a society. Miranda July’s most well-recognized book is â€Å"No One Belongs Here More Than You†, which is essentially an anthology of short stories written by July, which, according to Josh Lacey, a book reviewer from The Guardian, â€Å"are populated by sad, lonely, isolated people who feel a terrible dissatisfaction with the failure of their lives to matc h the drama and intensity of their dreams.† (2007) Moreover, an excerpt I read from the novel described an idealistic situation in which a â€Å"person† is imminently going to have something tremendous happen to them, as they can sense it. In conclusion, her novel seemed set in perfect situations, which is reminiscent of fantasy. Her website, on the other hand, is quite normal. It contains a simple interactive list of her upcoming and past events, as well as an â€Å"About† page which contains information regarding Miranda July. It also contains contact information,

Communication Studies Reflection Free Essays

Communication Studies Reflection â€Å"It Shouldn’t Hurt To Be A Child† The scene takes place in a doctor’s office. David and Sarah Thompson have brought in their 10-year-old son Michael because of an ankle sprain. As the doctor enters the room, Michael is sitting on the examination table in shorts and a T-shirt with a bare right foot and ankle. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication Studies Reflection or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mr. and Mrs. Thompson are sitting in chairs close to him. Doctor: So, you are Michael. I am Dr. Gupta. Nice to meet you Michael. [shakes Michael’s hand] How are you doing today? Michael: Okay. Doctor: [turning to Mr. and Mrs. Thompson] And are you Michael’s parents, Mr. and Mrs. Thompson? Nice to meet you. [extends hand to shake] Mrs. Thompson: Nice to meet you also. [shakes hands with doctor] Mr. Thompson: Charmed I’m sure [shakes hands with doctor] Doctor: Ok.. [turning back to Michael] So what brings you in today, Michael? Michael: I hurt my ankle. Doctor: How did this happen? Michael: I was skateboarding and, I don’t know [pauses and looks over to his parents] I guess I just slipped or something? Doctor: When did this hap†¦.? [Mrs. Thompson intrudes] Mrs. Thompson: He did it about three days ago but last night I noticed he was still limping and I thought I ought to bring him in. I don’t think it’s broken, do you? Doctor: Well, let me take a look first. [begins to examine ankle] I’m just going to take a look at your foot. Is that sore? Michael: Ouch! Yes it hurts! Mr. Thompson: Stop being ah fool an leh de docta check yuh foot fuh meh please! Mrs. Thompson: [at Mr. Thompson] Oh gosh.. yuh doh hadda talk to him so.. [Mr. Thompson eyebrows frown together] Mr. Thompson: I ask yuh anything! [Mrs. Thompson remains quiet] Doctor: That’s okay. Let me just do one more thing. I’m going to raise your foot. [raises ankle] Michael: Owwww! Mr. Thompson: MICHAEL! Behave yuh self boy! pinches Michael on the arm] How much times I hadda talk tuh yuh. [Michael begins to cry] Doctor: [looks at Mr. Thompson in disgust] It’s okay, Michael.. [notices bruise in proximal fibular area] What happened here? Michael: I don’t know [pauses] I guess I fell another time. Mr. Thompson: He’s a really clumsy kid. I keep telling him to sta y off that skateboard, but he just doesn’t listen. Doctor: [scanning both of Michael’s legs, stopping over left femur] And here? Another fall? Michael: Yeah, sure†¦ Mr. Thompson: I told you, he’s clumsy, but could you please get back to his ankle? Doctor: [continuing to examine Michael’s arms] Michael, can you take your shirt off for me please? Mr. Thompson: [getting a bit edgy] Doctor, we came in for his ankle. Could you please get back to his ankle? Michael takes off his shirt at the Doctor’s insistence. Doctor: [examines Michael, pausing over several spots on arms and back] Michael, you have a lot of bruises. Some are older than others. What’s been going on? Mr. Thompson: [getting more agitated] Steups, Doctor I rel eh understand wah is de purpose of dis non-sense. I payin my money fuh you to check he foot we could get back to his ankle please. Doctor: I have some concerns. Michael has a lot of injuries and some of them seem to have occurred at different times. When we see that in a child we worry that perhaps the injuries were not all accidental. Mr. Thompson: [rolls eyes] So wah yuh gettin at? Doctor: I’m not getting at anything. I am just saying that for Michael’s safety, we need to check a few things beyond his ankle. For this reason, I am going to have one of our social workers come and talk to you, your husband and Michael. Mr. Thompson: [getting more upset] I rel nuh in de mood fuh dis, yu eh have de right tuh do dat. Doctor: Actually, I do have the right. It’s the law. The main reason I’m doing it is to be sure that Michael is safe at home and I’m sure that is what you want, too. Raising kids can be very tough, sometimes we can all use a little help. Mr. Thompson: look! docta wah nonsense yu tellin mi bout help and how tuh raise mi son, I look like I need any help? If he harden I go beat some manners in tuh he. I is ah big man nobodi gwine tell mi wah and wah nuh tuh do, suck salt eh! I gwine from here! Mr. Thompson storms out the office Doctor: [shouts] Mr. Thompson where are you going? [Looks at Mrs. Thompson as she bursts into tears] Mrs. Thompson: [crying] Doctor please help me! Scene fades How to cite Communication Studies Reflection, Essay examples

De Industrialization and Entrepreneurship

Question: Discuss about the De Industrialization and Entrepreneurship. Answer: Introduction: As per the statement of Assenza et al., (2015), it can be mentioned that in the monopolistic competitive market structure, there are large number of producers. The products, which are sold by these producers, are differentiated from each others. Therefore, it can be stated that the products are not perfectly substitute. In addition, it can be mentioned that in the monopolistic competitive market, a firm considers the prices, which is charged by the rivals. Hence, Balistreri Rutherford (2013) opined that the typical structure of monopolistic competitive market can be identified as the product differentiation. On the other hand, it can be stated that the structure of monopolistic competitive market is the combination of monopoly and the perfect competition. In the monopolistic competitive market, it can be observed that there is free entry of the number of firms in the market. As the products are differentiated under this monopolistic competitive market, each company acts like a monopolist in the aggregate market of close substitutes. In the words of Baumol Blinder (2015), the demand curve under this type of market structure is also downward sloping, which implies that this follows the law of demand. In addition, it can be stated that the demand curve under the monopolistic competitive market, would be able to reflect the price of the goods and the services. Each of the firm aims to maximise the profitability. In this connection, it can be stated that each firm choose their output level in such a manner that the marginal cost is equivalent to the marginal revenue. Therefore, the first order condition of the profit maximisation under the monopolistic competitive market is equivalent to the condition of monopoly market, which can be expressed as MR=MC. The only difference between the monopoly market and the monopolistic competition can be determined as the marginal revenue curve relies on the residual demand curve instead of the market demand curve under monopolistically competitive market. Moreover, Bertoletti Etro (2015) cited that residual demand is the type of demand for the goods and services of the other firms. More specifically, it can be mentioned that it is the aggregate market demand of net productivity of the other producers under monopolistic competitive market. Monopolistic competition refers that a specific type of market model, there are a large number of sellers. They are mainly selling differentiated products. Nevertheless, these goods products are not identical in nature. Under monopolistically competitive market structure, the demand curve of the goods and the services are elastic in nature. According to Calvo Prez (2016), the reason of elastic demand curve can be described as the sellers sale differentiated products. In addition, the firms are closely substitutes to each other. As a result, it can be mentioned that if one firm raises the price of the goods, most of the consumers will have the option to switch to other commodities, which are produced by the other firms. Moreover, it can be mentioned that the demand elasticity of the goods are identical within the market competition. In the points of Collier Venables (2014), it can be stated that the demand curve of the commodities are not perfectly elastic. In this context, it can b e highlighted that as there are less number of rivals under monopolistic competition. From the above figure it can be observed that the suppliers under the monopolistically competitive market are treated as the price makers. The above figure shows that the firm will manufacture at the level of Q. In this point, the marginal revenue would be equivalent to the marginal cost. The price would be determined under this market structure where the quantity meets the average revenue curve. This situation occurs as the firms under the monopolistically competitive market have the market power. This would in turn refer the social dead weight loss. In the above diagram, the violet shaded region highlights the profitability earning of the organisation, which has earned in the short run. The above diagram depicted that under the long run, the organisations under the monopolistic competition will be able to manufacture up to that quantity, where the long run marginal cost curve would cross the marginal revenue curve. The price of the products can be determined where the quantity produced by the firms meets the average revenue curve. Therefore, Erku?-ztrk Terhorst (2016) mentioned that the long run firms will break even. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that the monopolistic firm would be able to earn profit under the short run, the impact of its monopoly like pricing would be capable to reduce the demand under long run. This would in turn raise the necessities for the firms to make a differentiation in their products. This also increase the average total cost. In the opinion of Feenstra (2016), it can be stated that reduction in the demand and increase of cost reflects the long run average cost curve to become tangent at the level of profit maximising price of the products. Therefore, from this situation, it can be mentioned this would reflects two things. Firstly, the firms under the monopolistic competitive market would produce a surplus under the long run situation. Secondly, the organisations would be capable to break even in the long run and it would not be capable to earn economic profitability. The above figure highlights the movement of the monopolistic competitive firm to the long run equilibrium. As per the statement of Feng, Wang Zhang (2014), it can be stated that if the firms have earned positive and higher economic profitability under the monopolistically competitive market, other firms would get the opportunity to enter into the market. Therefore, in this scenario, it can be noticed that each firm would get smaller quantity of market share. More precisely it can be stated that the market demand curve under the monopolistic competition would shift to the left. This movement would be continued until the break even situation would arise in the market. In addition, Kirzner (2015) opined that other firms outside the market would not be able to enter into the competition. In terms of the concept of economic efficiency, the organisations under the monopolistically competitive industry acts equals to the monopolistic firms. It is known that the firms have the power to set the price of the products. Therefore, it can be mentioned that the firms would be able to charge the prices whatever they are willing for their products without the influence of the market forces. This price is determined where the profit maximising level of production intersects the demand curve. This price level would be greater than marginal cost of the organisation. Therefore, the consumers require to pay the price, which is greater than the pricing structure under the perfect competition (Lucas, 2016). This would in turn reflect to reduce the consumer surplus. In addition, it can be inferred that the sellers under the monopolistically competitive market would produce less of the products in the comparison with the amount of production under perfect competition. As a result, the pr ofitability earning would be offset that they would earn more profit by charging higher price. This would in turn reduce the producer surplus. The above figure highlights that monopolistic competition creates deadweight loss and the inefficiency, which is represented by the brown coloured shaded region. In this connection, it can be stated that productive efficiency occurs when an organisation use all of the sources in an effective way. This occurs when the price of the commodity is determined at the level of marginal cost. This marginal cost is equivalent to the average total cost of the products. In addition, Nikaido (2015) cited that the organisations also aimed to set the process of the products higher than the marginal cost under the monopolistic competition. This would in turn reflect the ineffectiveness of the market. The amount is produced when QM and marginal cost curve intersect to each other. Likewise, it can be mentioned that allocative efficiency has taken place when a good is produced at the level, which can maximises the social well being. This situation occurs when the price of the product is equivalent to t he marginal benefits and this also equal to the marginal cost. Nevertheless, the price of the goods under monopolistic competition would be higher than the marginal cost, and the market would not be allocative efficient. Industry where the monopolistic competition prevails In the words of Olabi (2016), it can be mentioned that an industry, where monopolistic competition would be prevailed is that of the hotel or pub industry. Hotels or pubs are considered as the monopolistic competitive market. In this context, it can be stated that there are several hotels in different sectors and there is no barriers to entry and exit. Moreover, it can be added that each of the hotel or pub are closely substitutes at the local super markets. Profit maximisation: According to Parenti, Ushchev Thisse (2017), it can be mentioned that the hotels raise the price up to a certain level above those of the specific hotels with which it make the competition. As it is known the hotels are dissimilar to the other hotels, some of the individuals would continue to support it. Within the restriction, the hotels will be capable to charge their individual and the definite price. The Short run: A hotel competes with the other firms within the market, in which there are no barriers to entry or exit. Therefore, it can be mentioned that the demand curve would be downward sloping. On the other hand, it can be stated of the hotel would raise the price compared to the other competitors, the visitors would prefer to visit other hotels where the price is comparatively lower. Hence, the marginal revenue curve of the hotel would lie under the demand curve as the demand curve is downward sloping. Moreover, the marginal revenue of additional food items of the hotel will be lower than the market price. The long run: With the entry of new firms, the availability of food items in the hotel will be raised. Due to the reduction of demand for the food items, the demand curve of the hotel will be highly elastic. As a result, the demand curve for the hotel will move to the leftward. Therefore, new hotels will constantly enter into the market until the specific hotel would stop to make economic profitability. In addition, it can be mentioned that the zero solution would be noticed when the demand curve for the hotel would be tangent to the average total cost curve. Hence, the price of the foods of the hotel will decrease along with the decrease in output. The characteristics of hotel under monopolistic competition can be discussed in the following: Each firm would be able to take independent decision regarding the price and the output, which is depending upon the products as well as the cost of production. Knowledge is widely spread among the participants; nonetheless, it is unlikely to perfect. On the other hand, consumers have the option o review all the food items, which are obtainable in the hotel before placing the order. However, they would not be able to appreciate the taste and quality of the hotel until they have taken the service. In the points of Park et al., (2015), it can be mentioned that the risks under the monopolistic competitive market is connected with decision making, the entrepreneur has a imperative nature compared to the other firms. In addition, it can be stated that the firms can freely enter or leave into the market. Therefore, it can be inferred that there is no barriers to exit as well as entry (Zhelobodko et al., 2012). It can be observed that there are four types of product differentiation within the market. The first differentiation is associated with the physical product differentiation. Here, the sizes, design, shape, performance of the products are being considered in order to make the products different from the others. Next differentiation is occurred based on the packaging and the other promotional methods of the goods and the promotional process. Thirdly, human capital differentiation is the type of other product differentiation. It is depending upon the skills of the employees. Lastly, the product differentiation is depending upon the through distribution and it considers the mail order as well as the internet shopping. As opined by Phelan et al., (2014), it can be stated that monopolistic competitive firms need to take the help of advertisement. As a result, it can be mentioned that the consumers would be able to know about the product specification and can also identify the differences between the products. Negative externalities As per the case study it can be stated that Adani Groups Carmichael coal mine situated in Queenslands Galilee Basin. Due to their economic operation, third parties have been suffering from the negative externalities. In this context, the first and the second parties are identified as the producers and the customers respectively. An individual is supposed to be a third party. As per the opinion of Roberts (2014), it can be mentioned that negative externality is the cost or the benefit, which affect the party who are not supposed to incur the cost or benefit. Negative externalities are associated with the external cost. The above figure shows the impact of the negative externality. The optimal production quantity has measured by Q2 where the negative externality leads to the output level of Q1. In the above figure, the shaded region highlighted the deadweight loss. The negative externalities, which are related with the Adani Groups coalmine, can be described as the following: It leads to reduce the life expectancy as it discharges several harmful gases such as sulphur dioxide, ozone and other heavy metals, which is dangerous for health. It would lead to the respiratory problems and admit in the health care centres. It would also lead to the severe ailment such as cancer, ataxia and renal dysfunction. It also leads to the reduction of the crop yields, which in turn affect the fertilisers. It also causes the loss of ecosystem as well as environmental degradation. On the other hand, pollution is identified as the negative externality, which is occurred during the operation of Adani Groups Carmichael coalmine. Moreover, it can be mentioned that the individual who are living to the surroundings, will pay for this pollution. On the other hand, the negative externalities will be larger in terms of the medical bills along with the poorer quality of life (Stiglitz Rosengard, 2015). Therefore, it can be mentioned that coal mining by Adani Groups leads to the negative cost to the surroundings of the company. In addition, it can be mentioned that Coal mine releases greenhouse gas, which leads to the issues in the atmosphere. Report says that in every year, Adani Group releases approximately 145 million tons of sulphur. Therefore, it pollutes water due to the emissions of the gravely toxic. In the opinion of Roper, Love Bonner (2017), externalities highlights the observable fact of the lower efficiency, which is beyond the extent of the decision makers under the condition of resource allocation. In a synopsis, it can be stated that the operation of the coal mining reflect the expansion of the economy of the place massively. Therefore, it can be inferred that external diseconomy implies that pollution will damage the ecological and environmental balances. The above figure explains the negative externalities, which is occurred due to the activities associated with the coal mining. The coal industry is assumed as the competitive market. In this context, it can be observed that marginal social cost is higher than the marginal private cost by the quantity of the external cost. Here, the external cost refers the ecological damages such as water pollution. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that as there are no marginal benefits related with the coal mining, therefore, the marginal social benefit would be equivalent to the marginal private benefit. With the help of the above diagram it can be explained that if the individuals consider their private cost then it will be ended with P1 price and Q1 quantity. Moreover, they will not consider the more effectual price P2 as well as the effectual quantity Q2. Therefore, free market is supposed to be unproductive as at the quantity level Q1, the social cost will be higher compared to the social benefit. In this case, individuals of the surroundings will be better off if coal mining will generate between Q1 and Q2. The government of the country also needs to take charge of improvement as Adani group pays for this company. This study is also important to mitigate the negative externalities by developing the ecological recompense mechanism. In other words, ecological services have a definite economic value and hence, it would be able to exchange the perfectly competitive market. Figure 5 explains the connection between the Adani Groups marginal cost and the loss of ecological service. As per the statement of Schweinberger Suedekum (2015), it can be stated that market failure is related with the coal mining, which is imperative to monitor the resource developers in order to restore the affected locality and would be capable to pay for the sufferers. It is benefitted to increase the environmental and the ecological quality to improve the relationship among the resource improvement and the environmental protection. This is significant as the effective process, which will be benefitted to highlight the market failure and the policy failure. References Assenza, T., Grazzini, J., Hommes, C., Massaro, D. (2015). PQ strategies in monopolistic competition: Some insights from the lab.Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,50, 62-77. Balistreri, E. J., Rutherford, T. F. (2013). Computing general equilibrium theories of monopolistic competition and heterogeneous firms.Handbook of Computable General Equilibrium Modeling,1, 1513-1570. Baumol, W. J., Blinder, A. S. (2015).Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Bertoletti, P., Etro, F. (2015). Monopolistic competition when income matters.The Economic Journal. Calvo, J. A. P., Prez, A. M. J. (2016). Optimal extraction policy when the environmental and social costs of the opencast coal mining activity are internalized: Mining District of the Department of El Cesar (Colombia) case study.Energy Economics,59, 159-166. Collier, P., Venables, A. J. (2014). Closing coal: economic and moral incentives.Oxford Review of Economic Policy,30(3), 492-512. Erku?-ztrk, H., Terhorst, P. (2016). Innovative restaurants in a mass-tourism city: Evidence from Antalya.Tourism Management,54, 477-489. Feenstra, R. C. (2016). Gains from Trade Under Monopolistic Competition.Pacific Economic Review,21(1), 35-44. Feng, S., Wang, D., Zhang, X. (2014). Study on Ecological Compensation for Coal Mining Activities Based on Economic Externalities.Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection,2(02), 151. Kirzner, I. M. (2015).Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago press. Lucas, A. (2016). Stranded assets, externalities and carbon risk in the Australian coal industry: The case for contraction in a carbon-constrained world.Energy Research Social Science,11, 53-66. Nikaido, H. (2015).Monopolistic Competition and Effective Demand.(PSME-6). Princeton University Press. Olabi, A. G. (2016). Energy quadrilemma and the future of renewable energy.Energy,108, 1-6. Parenti, M., Ushchev, P., Thisse, J. F. (2017). Toward a theory of monopolistic competition.Journal of Economic Theory,167, 86-115. Park, S. J., Cachon, G. P., Lai, G., Seshadri, S. (2015). Supply chain design and carbon penalty: monopoly vs. monopolistic competition.Production and Operations Management,24(9), 1494-1508. Phelan, A. A., Dawes, L., Costanza, R., Kubiszewski, I. (2017). Evaluation of social externalities in regional communities affected by coal seam gas projects: A case study from Southeast Queensland.Ecological Economics,131, 300-311. Roberts, K. (2014). The limit points of monopolistic competition.Noncooperative Approaches to the Theory of Perfect Competition,3, 141. Roper, S., Love, J. H., Bonner, K. (2017). Firms knowledge search and local knowledge externalities in innovation performance.Research Policy,46(1), 43-56. Schweinberger, A. G., Suedekum, J. (2015). De-industrialization and entrepreneurship under monopolistic competition.Oxford Economic Papers,67(4), 1174-1185. Stiglitz, J. E., Rosengard, J. K. (2015).Economics of the Public Sector: Fourth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Zhelobodko, E., Kokovin, S., Parenti, M., Thisse, J. F. (2012). Monopolistic competition: Beyond the constant elasticity of substitution.Econometrica,80(6), 2765-2784.

Economic analysis of the cell phone oligopoly

Abstract An oligopoly is a market type in which an industry is controlled by a small number of sellers / firms and their products are either homogeneous or are differentiated (Riley, 2006). Market participants usually predict the actions of the competitor. Cell phone industry is a good example of an oligopolistic market structures since the number of organizations serving the industry is small.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Economic analysis of the cell phone oligopoly specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The industry is dominated by organizations such as Nextel/Sprint and Verizon among others. Existence of oligopolistic markets structures exists in markets where there are large initial capital requirements, scarcity of growth opportunities and due to government regulations. The paper will focus on the nature of oligopoly market in cell phone industry. Essentially, it brings forth how firms in the industry compete, how prices are determined, effects of demand elasticity on competition, and the application of the game theory. In addition, the essay discusses the equilibrium point of maximizing profits, advantages and disadvantages of the market structure. Oligopoly competition Oligopoly market structures are characterized by few large suppliers, the products are differentiated or homogeneous and the firm in the industry is driven by self-interest to set prices and output levels to maximize profits. Cell phone industry is of kind where products offered by the players are homogeneous and the competition is judged by the price determination. According to Thomas Charles (2007), the decisions of one company influence the decisions of competitors and also decisions of competitors influence decisions of a company. Generally competition in the industry takes three forms. These are; Free competition and one company become a price leader Larger firms becomes price setters and /leaders while smaller on es become the price-taker. Cartel system exists where firms collude to agree on prices to surpass stiff competition. Generally, the ability of the firm to dominate the market and have probability of control is determined by the economies of scale. This implies that organizations that take advantage of economies of scale in the oligopolistic markets will set lower prices and produce larger quantities becoming cost and price leaders (Thomas Charles, 2007). Conversely, two or more firms in the industry might collude to lessen the level of competition by forming cartels. In this case, small firms will be denied entry and if exist remain as price takers. Typical case in the cell industry is where dominant firm such as Verizon takes lead in making prices and impacts the price decisions on the small firms thus becoming price leader.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Oligopoly price determination If an industry is composed of few cell phone firms each selling identical or homogenous products and having powerful influence on the total market, the price and output program of each is likely to affect the other significantly. This will consequently promote collusion ending to industry cartels. In case there is product differentiation, an oligopolistic firm can raise or lower prices without any fear of losing customers or immediate reactions from his rivals (Thomas Charles, 2007). However, intense competition among them may build up a condition of monopolistic competition. For an individual company in oligopolistic competition, prices are determined as illustrated by the following graph. MC is the marginal costs; MR is the marginal revenues, while AC is the average costs. From the graph, profits are maximized when the marginal cost equals marginal revenues a point noted as equilibrium point (Anon, 2006). The industry faces two demand curves that are normal demand curve and marginal revenue curve that also act as a demand curve. At low prices, the firm faces fairly inelastic market demand. The two market demand curves produce point p which is the firms’ price and maximum revenue point. Therefore, the market demand curve that the oligopolistic structures actually face is the kinked-demand curve (Anon, 2006). From the graph the kinked demand curve can be noted by points BCQ. Oligopolistic prices are determined where marginal costs intersect with marginal revenue curve. Demand elasticity in oligopolistic markets Oligopolistic markets demand curve are mostly kinked as indicated by the above graph. If for instance, one company increases its price above the equilibrium price p, it is assumed that the other firms in the industry will change their prices to affect the market price dynamism. Alternatively, if one firm change prices and it assumes the role of price leadership other companies will be price takers (Riley, 2006). Ideally, the effe ct of price leadership and being price taker is caused by the kinked demand curve. In this case, firms will never change their prices in the short run since a small change may make companies loss customers. Normally, firms in the industry assume price increases, as a strategy to achieve larger market share with lower prices advantages. Moreover, the elasticity will create small gain of customers if prices are largely decreased. This will consequently result into a price war among firms or industry developing cartels. In such case, in the long run new entrants will often enter the industry.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Economic analysis of the cell phone oligopoly specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Game theory in oligopolistic markets Shah, nd, indicates that game theory exists in oligopolistic structures and refers to approaches to gain a competitive position in terms of moves and counter interchanges. The stra tegic approach takes three elements that include firms, strategies and payoffs. Cell phone industry is common example where game theory exists. Organizations such as Verizon and Sprint acts as players, their decisions on pricing and promotions act as strategies while the payoffs are profits or losses they make from such strategic moves. Essentially, firms in the cellphone industry which is oligopolistic market will choose strategies with better payoffs which will further contribute to competitive advantage in the market (Shah, nd). Profit maximization in oligopolistic structures In an oligopoly market, the profit in firm is maximized at a point where marginal revenue curves intersect marginal costs curve. Oligopoly marginal revenue is also a demand curve, and the point where average costs and the demand curve meet determine the maximum profits. According to Riley (2006), â€Å"kinked demand curve model predicts periods of relative price stability under an oligopoly with businesses focusing on non-price competition as a means of reinforcing their market position and increasing their supernormal profits†. Therefore, profits are maximized at an industry level while firms enjoy suboptimal equilibrium. Oligopolistic markets benefits and disadvantages Oligopolistic structures present a number of benefits and disadvantages to consumers. These are; Benefits Better quality of products and lower costs Extended services to customers since firms fight to retain customers at all costs High innovativeness and creativity on new products Discounts and promotions are largely utilized by competition thus consumers get all the information regarding certain products. The contractual contacts usually exist between customers and producers. Disadvantages Oligopolistic competition in most cases leads to collusion of firms to form cartels which erodes the participation of consumers in [prices determination The structure provide a platform of competition where prices a nd pro duction is volatile. Prices are lowered and raised affecting buyer’s rationality. Alliance of various firms to form cartels further brings about stabilization of unsteady markets which is a disadvantage to the economy. References Anon. (2006). Oligopoly. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Riley, G. (2006). Oligopoly market structures overview. Eton College. Web. Shah, A. (nd). Game Theory: Oligopolies. Web. Thomas, C. R. Charles, M. S. (2007). Managerial Economics (10th Ed). New York City: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. This essay on Economic analysis of the cell phone oligopoly was written and submitted by user Alfonso Fletcher to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Diversity in Organizations Essay

Diversity in Organizations Essay Diversity in Organizations Essay Diversity in Organizations Gregory Wright BUS 610 Organizational Behavior Peggy Morrison Monday April 9, 2012 Most people agree that cultural diversity in our workplaces utilizes our country’s skills to its fullest, and contributes to our overall growth and prosperity. The reality of this situation is that progress is slow. While we are in the midst of the longest period of economic growth this country has ever seen, the gap between the â€Å"haves â€Å" and â€Å"haves nots† continues to widen. One of the main reasons for this has been the lack of diversity in corporate America. When a diverse workforce is not developed form top down, African, Hispanic, and Asian Americans are unfairly relegated to lower-skilled, lower-pay positions and are not able to fulfill their true potential. Diversity is and should be an important component for every organization in today’s business climate. The workplace has been growing ever more diverse since the late 1960’s, with important laws such as the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 giving various groups greater equality and increased rights in the workplace. Diversity has increased because the workforce has seen an increase of people such as: women, people with different sexual orientations, immigrants, those with minority groups or representing a minority religion, and those with disabilities. Companies that understand and integrate these differences into their company culture stand to gain a great deal of various opinions and input when it comes to the company’s overall operational tactics. Organizational culture can be loosely defined as the shared assumptions, beliefs, and normal behaviors of a group. This group consists of the individuals within a company and each individual person in the company contributes their ideas, based partially on their beliefs and experiences outside of the workplace, to affect how the workplace operates. Companies that embrace the different perspectives and opportunities that can be offered with a diverse workforce allow opportunities for more constructive and effective performance in the company. In addition the company culture also dictates how the company operates on a daily basis, down to the basic structure of the company. I read in one article that company culture can be composed differently; either as a structured or unstructured and as a friendly or more market based culture focusing on results instead of friendliness among employees. It is also important to understand an organizations culture so that the proper direction can be given. Additionally, gathering input from the employees and overlooking the company’s cultural composition, including the future company vision would allow company leaders to create an environment that allows the company culture to mesh with a diverse workforce. It will more than likely be difficult for companies to undergo such an in-depth o f their cultural and diverse compositions, but an understanding of the most basic company principles will allow the successful company to build a company culture that engenders a diverse workforce to propel the company forward to heightened success. Companies that expend the time and effort to embrace, understand, and develop diversity approaches will see a company culture that works harder, creates a more hospitable working environment, and ultimately increases company profitability. Culturally diverse organizations experience a wealth of benefits, including more ideas from a widely diverse group of people, which when aligned, will create more energy expendable on reaching unified company goals. One of the core values of the United States is equal opportunity and favoritism of an

Strategic Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Marketing - Assignment Example Nike’s strategy has always been to develop their brand with global perspective by creating a motivational consumer base for the company. Nike tries to influence the brand perception of the consumers and can sustain it by adding materialistic benefits in marketing strategy. In order to sustain in the competitive scenario, it is recommended to the company that enhancing their business into the motor sports segments will create a bigger market place for the Nike. Also they can develop their connection with the consumers if Nike endorses athletes who are close to their consumers or local athletes. Marketing concepts and strategies are evolving rapidly with the growing competition in the corporate sector. New forms of marketing such as viral marketing, guerilla marketing, etc. are now forming exclusive segments of the marketing process of the business houses. As defined by Beard (2008), strategic marketing helps the firms to align their business objectives with the market demands and creates consumer awareness. Grà ¶nroos (2010) added that the primary objective of a strategic marketing process is to help the business develop a long-term sustainable competitive advantage. Combining the above two definitions it can be observed that strategic marketing helps in developing a competitive advantage by allying the business objectives with market requirements. Nike is known to be one of the pioneers of the modern day marketing process. They have established themselves as one of the leading brands in the sportswear industry (Anderson and Narus, 2007). The strategic marketing concept o f Nike will be analysed in context to the role of services in marketing and factors that can be included to boost the marketing effectiveness of the company. The researcher will try to evaluate the gaps in the marketing strategy of Nike in terms of the service marking strategy and provide

Likes and dideerecnes of computing variances Assignment

Likes and dideerecnes of computing variances - Assignment Example Having been defined as the square of mean differences between each number in a data set and the mean of all the numbers in the set, the variance is a derivative of differences between the same numbers. Computing the variance of a data set is therefore equivalent to analyzing the difference between the same numbers (Wegner, 2010). The definition of variance as a measure of dispersion also explains the relationship between the variance and the difference between points. A data set with a higher magnitude variance, for instance, means that data points in the set are far apart from each other, a factor that indicates greater variation from the mean. The gaps between the data points however defines the differences between the points and this means that computing the variance and analyzing differences between data points generate the same understanding on distribution of data in the set (Madrigal,