Cybersecurity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Cybersecurity - Assignment Example They ought to be considered by the organization as a major aspect of the security structure, and along these lines remembered for the obligation scope. Tending to digital security isn't just an IT hazard and issue. Associations are presently unreasonably dependent on innovation to endure such conditions sound. Associations must approach digital security simply like some other business hazard. Specific topic specialists can manage the moment reaction and key subtleties, however the administration ought to recognize and control the falling financial, reputational, notwithstanding operational effects (Anderson, Schanfein, Bjornard and Moskowitz, 2011). It ought to just as guarantee viable and exact emergency interchanges all through all partner confronting exchange regions. It is conceivable to quit being skimmed. Take a gander at the ATM entrance for locales where a con artist could shroud brief camera, similar to a leaflet rack. Another path is to investigate the keypad to check whether there is a bogus spread on it. Also, investigate the entire ATM for the parts that don't coordinate in styling, material or shading. Ultimately, spread the hands when entering the PIN. It is one of the best and least demanding approaches to stay away from an ATM tricksters covered

Film and theatre Essay Example For Students

Film and theater Essay The Shakespearean play, Much Ado About Nothing, is generally depicted overâ the theater, yet there is likewise a film adaptation. Despite the fact that there are a couple of similitudes between the film and the play, for example the content of the film is for all intents and purposes equivalent to the first play, there are evidently more contrasts between the two versions. Firstly, the play obviously is by all accounts altogether increasingly formal and genuine whileâ the film rendition is depicted as progressively casual and fun. This might be on the grounds that the movie producer utilizes special visualizations and the engaging activities of the on-screen characters while the play can just portray and communicate everything methods for discourse. Another unobtrusive distinction is that in film, the articulations and activities of the on-screen characters playâ a huge part in a satire like Much Ado About Nothing. It isnt simply the content that makes giggling, yet the way where they are set up and conveyed. In the film, numerous different activities are demonstrated which are not in the play. Good models are Benedict tricks with a lawn seat, which add to the comic nature of the scene. Dogberry who is a comedian in the first play, claiming to show up riding a horse, frowning, performing jokes like running around on a non-existent horse,â add to the chuckling brought by the content which is his steady utilization of wrong words in his discourse. These are the sorts of things that can't show up on the composed page. The film additionally contains a lot of dramatization, and the feeling and power come as effectively and normally as humor and don't should be communicated in words. Also the on-screen characters articulations and development help to show their feelings, which in the play must be appear by their utilization of words. For instance in the primary wedding scene where Claudio blames Hero for being a wanton and bold lady, Heros expressive response and crying inspire feelings in the crowd and cause us to identify with her much more than when we read the play. The play doesn't state and portray the setting thus doesn't assume a significant job in building up the disposition of the scene. Then again, the film is set in the open country, continually outside in the daylight. The setting in a film is significant on the grounds that it sets the disposition. Using the lovely rose hued manor, perfect scenery,â it communicates the joy of the scene to the crowd of the film which can't be communicated in words. Moreover, to keep up the rage of the film and to keep the crowd attention,â many lines and discourses and even whole scenes must be cut, for example Act I Scene 2 and Act III Scene 4. Another distinction would be the utilization of music and move in the film. Music assists with drawing out the state of mind of the scene. Beatrice swinging joyfully superimposed over Benedick moving in the wellspring with taking off music communicates the satisfaction they were feeling at that exact second. Significantly progressively striking is move, which is available in the gathering and toward the end during the wedding, successfully depicts the upbeat and happy sentiment of the scene, which can't be appeared and portrayed in the composed play. Besides the utilization of outfit in the film assists with separating great from evil. For occasion, all the women are in white while the man of honor in grayish and earth tones increase the rustic and blameless translation of the play. Wear Johns dressing then again is dull, which depicts evil. In end, the primary distinction of film and theater is that in light of the fact that the film is various media carries another measurement to the story line and encourages one better comprehend the plot using music, acting and setting. Theater then again just can bring this out through methods for discourse making it less engaging and harder to comprehend.

Long, Stephen Harriman

Long, Stephen Harriman Long, Stephen Harriman, 1784â€"1864, American explorer, b. Hopkinton, N.H. As an army engineer, Long was sent on several exploring and surveying expeditions. The first in 1817 was to the region of the upper Mississippi and the Fox-Wisconsin portage; it is recorded in his Voyage in a Six-oared Skiff to the Falls of St. Anthony (1860). A journey to the Rocky Mts. in 1819â€"20 provided much new knowledge of the mountains. He climbed several peaks, including Long's Peak, and explored the regions of the Platte and Arkansas rivers. Edwin James's Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains (2 vol. and an atlas, 1822â€"23) tells of that journey. In 1823, Long led an expedition to determine the source of the Minnesota River and to study the United Statesâ€"Canadian boundary W of the Great Lakes. Some of his notes were used in W. H. Keating's Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of the St. Peter's River (1824). Chosen to select a route for the Baltimore and Ohio RR, he made a survey that resulted in an authoritative railroad manual, with tables of grades and curves. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Introduction, Timeline and Advances of Ancient Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is the general name of a region where multiple ancient civilizations rose and fell and rose again in modern Iraq and Syria, a triangular patch wedged between the Tigris River, the Zagros Mountains, and the Lesser Zab River. The first urban civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the first society of people deliberately living in close proximity to one another, with attendant architectural, social, and economic structures that allowed that to occur more or less peaceably. Mesopotamias timeline is thus a primary example of the way ancient civilizations develop. Key Takeaways: Mesopotamian Timeline Mesopotamia includes the eastern one half of the region known as the Fertile Crescent, in particular, the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers from Anatolia to where the rivers meet and dump into the Persian Gulf.  Mesopotamian chronologies typically begin with the earliest signs of incipient complexity: from the first cultic centers at 9,000 BCE, through the 6th century BCE with the fall of Babylon.Scholars divide Mesopotamia into northern and southern regions, primarily based on environment but also differences in politics and culture.  Early advances in the Mesopotamian region include cultic centers, urban cities, sophisticated water control, pottery, and writing.   Map of the Region Map of the fertile crescent of Mesopotamia and Egypt and location of first towns. Dorling Kindersley / Getty Images Mesopotamia is the ancient Greek label for the eastern half of the region known as the Fertile Crescent. The western half includes the coastal Mediterranean region known as the Levant, as well as the Nile Valley of Egypt. The technological and religious advances considered Mesopotamian issues diffused throughout the region: and there is some evidence that not all innovations originated in Mesopotamia, but rather were created in the Levant or Nile Valley and spread into Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia proper is best broken into north and south Mesopotamia, in part because the regions have different climates. This division was politically prominent during the Sumer (south) and Akkad (north) periods between about 3000–2000 BCE; and the Babylonian (south) and Assyrian (north) periods between about 2000–1000. However, the histories of the north and south dating back to the sixth millennium BCE are also divergent; and later the northern Assyrian kings did their best to unite with the southern Babylonians. Mesopotamian Timeline Traditionally, the Mesopotamian civilization starts with the Ubaid period of about 4500 BCE and lasts until the fall of Babylon and the beginning of the Persian Empire. Dates after ca 1500 BCE are generally agreed upon; important sites are listed in parentheses after each period. Hassuna / Samarra (6750–6000)Halaf (6000-4500 BCE)Ubaid Period (4500–4000 BCE: Telloh, Ur, Ubaid, Oueili, Eridu, Tepe Gawra, H3 As-Sabiyah)Uruk Period (4000–3000 BCE:  (Brak, Hamoukar, Girsu/Telloh, Umma, Lagash, Eridu, Ur, Hacinebi Tepe, Chogha Mish)Jemdet Nasr (3200–3000 BCE: Uruk)Early Dynastic Period (3000–2350 BCE: Kish, Uruk, Ur, Lagash, Asmar, Mari, Umma, Al-Rawda)Akkadian (2350–2200 BCE: Agade, Sumer, Lagash, Uruk, Titris Hoyuk)Neo-Sumerian (2100–2000 BCE: Ur, Elam, Tappeh Sialk)Old Babylonian and Old Assyrian Periods (2000–1600 BCE: Mari, Ebla Babylon, Isin, Larsa, Assur)Middle Assyrian (1600–1000 BCE: Babylon, Ctesiphon)Neo-Assyrian (1000–605 BCE: Nineveh)Neo-Babylonian (625–539 BCE: Babylon) Mesopotamian Advances The earliest cultic site in the region was at Gobekli Tepe was built 9,000 BCE. Ceramics appeared in Pre-Pottery Neolithic Mesopotamia by 8000 BCE. Permanent mudbrick residential structures were constructed beginning before the Ubaid period at southern sites such as Tell el-Oueili, as well as Ur, Eridu, Telloh, and Ubaid. Clay tokens—a precursor to writing and critical to the development of trade networks in the region—were first used about 7500 BCE. Clay Tokens, Uruk Period, Excavated from Susa, Iran. Louvre Museum (Department of Near Eastern Antiquities). Marie-Lan Nguyen The first villages in Mesopotamia were built in the Neolithic period of around 6,000 BCE, including Catalhoyuk. By 6000–5500, sophisticated water control systems were in effect in southern Mesopotamia, including man-made canals and storage basins for dry-period irrigation, and levees and dikes to defend from flooding. Reed boats sealed with bitumen were used to support trade along the rivers and Red Sea by 5500 BCE. By the 6th millennium, mud-brick temples (ziggurats) were in evidence, in particular at Eridu; and at Tell Brak in northern Mesopotamia, they began appearing at least as early as 4400 BCE. Young Iraqis stand atop ancient ruins in the shadow of a Mesopotamian ziggurat, June 8, 2003 in Borsippa, Iraq. Mario Tama / Getty Images The first urban settlements have been identified at Uruk, about 3900 BCE. Tell Brak became a 320-acre (130-hectare) metropolis by 3500 BCE, and by 3100 Uruk covered nearly 618 ac (250 ha), or about 1 square mile. Also by 3900 BCE at Uruk are mass-produced wheel-thrown pottery, the introduction of writing, and cylinder seals. Assyrian records written in cuneiform have been found and deciphered, allowing us much more information about the political and economic pieces of latter Mesopotamian society. In the north part was the kingdom of Assyria; to the south was the Sumerians and Akkadian in the alluvial plain between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Mesopotamia continued as a definable civilization right through the fall of Babylon (about 1595 BCE). Babylonian clay tablet with Geometrical problems in cuneiform script, from the British Museums collection. Print Collector/Getty Images / Getty Images Ongoing issues plague Mesopotamia, associated with the continuing wars in the region, which has gravely damaged much of the archaeological sites and allowed looting to occur. Mesopotamian Sites Important Mesopotamian sites include: Tell el-Ubaid, Uruk, Ur, Eridu, Tell Brak, Tell el-Oueili, Nineveh, Pasargadae, Babylon, Tepe Gawra, Telloh, Hacinebi Tepe, Khorsabad, Nimrud, H3, As Sabiyah, Failaka, Ugarit, Uluburun Selectd Sources and Further Reading Algaze, Guillermo. Entropic Cities: The Paradox of Urbanism in Ancient Mesopotamia. Current Anthropology 59.1 (2018): 23–54. Print.Bertman, Stephen. 2004. Handbook to Life in Mesopotamia. Oxford University Press, Oxford.McMahon, Augusta. Asia, West | Mesopotamia, Sumer, and Akkad. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. Ed. Pearsall, Deborah M. New York: Academic Press, 2008. 854–65. Print.Nardo, Don, and Robert B. Kebric. The Greenhaven Encyclopedia of Ancient Mesopotamia. Detroit MI: Thomson Gale, 2009. Print.Van de Mieroop, Marc. A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000—323 BC. 3rd ed. Chichester UK: Wiley Blackwell, 2015. Print.

Analysis Of The Movie Miranda August - 1792 Words

Throughout this year, I’ve ready numerous bodies of text varying from poems, plays, novels, and essays, which were all meaningful literary pieces with profound influence on pertinent topics as well as controversial ones. These literary pieces, alongside the work of Miranda July, an author who best represents my current generation (millennials), aided in unveiling the universal theme: reality is dictated by your perception. This paper will discuss the texts read and analyzed throughout my English class, as well as explore any similarities between the overarching theme and Miranda July. Literature Review Miranda July is an American film director, screenwriter, author, actor, and artist, who owns several award-winning books, such as her most†¦show more content†¦Her audience is completely engaged, each audience member seems to play an actual citizen in her new society, and many jump into the stage from their seats to participate. Participation varies from death, birth, and kissing between audience members. (2014) Overall, Miranda July’s presentation is a unique community-creating process that brings together unfamiliar people and puts them in a situation that emulates the creation of a society. Miranda July’s most well-recognized book is â€Å"No One Belongs Here More Than You†, which is essentially an anthology of short stories written by July, which, according to Josh Lacey, a book reviewer from The Guardian, â€Å"are populated by sad, lonely, isolated people who feel a terrible dissatisfaction with the failure of their lives to matc h the drama and intensity of their dreams.† (2007) Moreover, an excerpt I read from the novel described an idealistic situation in which a â€Å"person† is imminently going to have something tremendous happen to them, as they can sense it. In conclusion, her novel seemed set in perfect situations, which is reminiscent of fantasy. Her website, on the other hand, is quite normal. It contains a simple interactive list of her upcoming and past events, as well as an â€Å"About† page which contains information regarding Miranda July. It also contains contact information,

Communication Studies Reflection Free Essays

Communication Studies Reflection â€Å"It Shouldn’t Hurt To Be A Child† The scene takes place in a doctor’s office. David and Sarah Thompson have brought in their 10-year-old son Michael because of an ankle sprain. As the doctor enters the room, Michael is sitting on the examination table in shorts and a T-shirt with a bare right foot and ankle. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication Studies Reflection or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mr. and Mrs. Thompson are sitting in chairs close to him. Doctor: So, you are Michael. I am Dr. Gupta. Nice to meet you Michael. [shakes Michael’s hand] How are you doing today? Michael: Okay. Doctor: [turning to Mr. and Mrs. Thompson] And are you Michael’s parents, Mr. and Mrs. Thompson? Nice to meet you. [extends hand to shake] Mrs. Thompson: Nice to meet you also. [shakes hands with doctor] Mr. Thompson: Charmed I’m sure [shakes hands with doctor] Doctor: Ok.. [turning back to Michael] So what brings you in today, Michael? Michael: I hurt my ankle. Doctor: How did this happen? Michael: I was skateboarding and, I don’t know [pauses and looks over to his parents] I guess I just slipped or something? Doctor: When did this hap†¦.? [Mrs. Thompson intrudes] Mrs. Thompson: He did it about three days ago but last night I noticed he was still limping and I thought I ought to bring him in. I don’t think it’s broken, do you? Doctor: Well, let me take a look first. [begins to examine ankle] I’m just going to take a look at your foot. Is that sore? Michael: Ouch! Yes it hurts! Mr. Thompson: Stop being ah fool an leh de docta check yuh foot fuh meh please! Mrs. Thompson: [at Mr. Thompson] Oh gosh.. yuh doh hadda talk to him so.. [Mr. Thompson eyebrows frown together] Mr. Thompson: I ask yuh anything! [Mrs. Thompson remains quiet] Doctor: That’s okay. Let me just do one more thing. I’m going to raise your foot. [raises ankle] Michael: Owwww! Mr. Thompson: MICHAEL! Behave yuh self boy! pinches Michael on the arm] How much times I hadda talk tuh yuh. [Michael begins to cry] Doctor: [looks at Mr. Thompson in disgust] It’s okay, Michael.. [notices bruise in proximal fibular area] What happened here? Michael: I don’t know [pauses] I guess I fell another time. Mr. Thompson: He’s a really clumsy kid. I keep telling him to sta y off that skateboard, but he just doesn’t listen. Doctor: [scanning both of Michael’s legs, stopping over left femur] And here? Another fall? Michael: Yeah, sure†¦ Mr. Thompson: I told you, he’s clumsy, but could you please get back to his ankle? Doctor: [continuing to examine Michael’s arms] Michael, can you take your shirt off for me please? Mr. Thompson: [getting a bit edgy] Doctor, we came in for his ankle. Could you please get back to his ankle? Michael takes off his shirt at the Doctor’s insistence. Doctor: [examines Michael, pausing over several spots on arms and back] Michael, you have a lot of bruises. Some are older than others. What’s been going on? Mr. Thompson: [getting more agitated] Steups, Doctor I rel eh understand wah is de purpose of dis non-sense. I payin my money fuh you to check he foot we could get back to his ankle please. Doctor: I have some concerns. Michael has a lot of injuries and some of them seem to have occurred at different times. When we see that in a child we worry that perhaps the injuries were not all accidental. Mr. Thompson: [rolls eyes] So wah yuh gettin at? Doctor: I’m not getting at anything. I am just saying that for Michael’s safety, we need to check a few things beyond his ankle. For this reason, I am going to have one of our social workers come and talk to you, your husband and Michael. Mr. Thompson: [getting more upset] I rel nuh in de mood fuh dis, yu eh have de right tuh do dat. Doctor: Actually, I do have the right. It’s the law. The main reason I’m doing it is to be sure that Michael is safe at home and I’m sure that is what you want, too. Raising kids can be very tough, sometimes we can all use a little help. Mr. Thompson: look! docta wah nonsense yu tellin mi bout help and how tuh raise mi son, I look like I need any help? If he harden I go beat some manners in tuh he. I is ah big man nobodi gwine tell mi wah and wah nuh tuh do, suck salt eh! I gwine from here! Mr. Thompson storms out the office Doctor: [shouts] Mr. Thompson where are you going? [Looks at Mrs. Thompson as she bursts into tears] Mrs. Thompson: [crying] Doctor please help me! Scene fades How to cite Communication Studies Reflection, Essay examples

De Industrialization and Entrepreneurship

Question: Discuss about the De Industrialization and Entrepreneurship. Answer: Introduction: As per the statement of Assenza et al., (2015), it can be mentioned that in the monopolistic competitive market structure, there are large number of producers. The products, which are sold by these producers, are differentiated from each others. Therefore, it can be stated that the products are not perfectly substitute. In addition, it can be mentioned that in the monopolistic competitive market, a firm considers the prices, which is charged by the rivals. Hence, Balistreri Rutherford (2013) opined that the typical structure of monopolistic competitive market can be identified as the product differentiation. On the other hand, it can be stated that the structure of monopolistic competitive market is the combination of monopoly and the perfect competition. In the monopolistic competitive market, it can be observed that there is free entry of the number of firms in the market. As the products are differentiated under this monopolistic competitive market, each company acts like a monopolist in the aggregate market of close substitutes. In the words of Baumol Blinder (2015), the demand curve under this type of market structure is also downward sloping, which implies that this follows the law of demand. In addition, it can be stated that the demand curve under the monopolistic competitive market, would be able to reflect the price of the goods and the services. Each of the firm aims to maximise the profitability. In this connection, it can be stated that each firm choose their output level in such a manner that the marginal cost is equivalent to the marginal revenue. Therefore, the first order condition of the profit maximisation under the monopolistic competitive market is equivalent to the condition of monopoly market, which can be expressed as MR=MC. The only difference between the monopoly market and the monopolistic competition can be determined as the marginal revenue curve relies on the residual demand curve instead of the market demand curve under monopolistically competitive market. Moreover, Bertoletti Etro (2015) cited that residual demand is the type of demand for the goods and services of the other firms. More specifically, it can be mentioned that it is the aggregate market demand of net productivity of the other producers under monopolistic competitive market. Monopolistic competition refers that a specific type of market model, there are a large number of sellers. They are mainly selling differentiated products. Nevertheless, these goods products are not identical in nature. Under monopolistically competitive market structure, the demand curve of the goods and the services are elastic in nature. According to Calvo Prez (2016), the reason of elastic demand curve can be described as the sellers sale differentiated products. In addition, the firms are closely substitutes to each other. As a result, it can be mentioned that if one firm raises the price of the goods, most of the consumers will have the option to switch to other commodities, which are produced by the other firms. Moreover, it can be mentioned that the demand elasticity of the goods are identical within the market competition. In the points of Collier Venables (2014), it can be stated that the demand curve of the commodities are not perfectly elastic. In this context, it can b e highlighted that as there are less number of rivals under monopolistic competition. From the above figure it can be observed that the suppliers under the monopolistically competitive market are treated as the price makers. The above figure shows that the firm will manufacture at the level of Q. In this point, the marginal revenue would be equivalent to the marginal cost. The price would be determined under this market structure where the quantity meets the average revenue curve. This situation occurs as the firms under the monopolistically competitive market have the market power. This would in turn refer the social dead weight loss. In the above diagram, the violet shaded region highlights the profitability earning of the organisation, which has earned in the short run. The above diagram depicted that under the long run, the organisations under the monopolistic competition will be able to manufacture up to that quantity, where the long run marginal cost curve would cross the marginal revenue curve. The price of the products can be determined where the quantity produced by the firms meets the average revenue curve. Therefore, Erku?-ztrk Terhorst (2016) mentioned that the long run firms will break even. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that the monopolistic firm would be able to earn profit under the short run, the impact of its monopoly like pricing would be capable to reduce the demand under long run. This would in turn raise the necessities for the firms to make a differentiation in their products. This also increase the average total cost. In the opinion of Feenstra (2016), it can be stated that reduction in the demand and increase of cost reflects the long run average cost curve to become tangent at the level of profit maximising price of the products. Therefore, from this situation, it can be mentioned this would reflects two things. Firstly, the firms under the monopolistic competitive market would produce a surplus under the long run situation. Secondly, the organisations would be capable to break even in the long run and it would not be capable to earn economic profitability. The above figure highlights the movement of the monopolistic competitive firm to the long run equilibrium. As per the statement of Feng, Wang Zhang (2014), it can be stated that if the firms have earned positive and higher economic profitability under the monopolistically competitive market, other firms would get the opportunity to enter into the market. Therefore, in this scenario, it can be noticed that each firm would get smaller quantity of market share. More precisely it can be stated that the market demand curve under the monopolistic competition would shift to the left. This movement would be continued until the break even situation would arise in the market. In addition, Kirzner (2015) opined that other firms outside the market would not be able to enter into the competition. In terms of the concept of economic efficiency, the organisations under the monopolistically competitive industry acts equals to the monopolistic firms. It is known that the firms have the power to set the price of the products. Therefore, it can be mentioned that the firms would be able to charge the prices whatever they are willing for their products without the influence of the market forces. This price is determined where the profit maximising level of production intersects the demand curve. This price level would be greater than marginal cost of the organisation. Therefore, the consumers require to pay the price, which is greater than the pricing structure under the perfect competition (Lucas, 2016). This would in turn reflect to reduce the consumer surplus. In addition, it can be inferred that the sellers under the monopolistically competitive market would produce less of the products in the comparison with the amount of production under perfect competition. As a result, the pr ofitability earning would be offset that they would earn more profit by charging higher price. This would in turn reduce the producer surplus. The above figure highlights that monopolistic competition creates deadweight loss and the inefficiency, which is represented by the brown coloured shaded region. In this connection, it can be stated that productive efficiency occurs when an organisation use all of the sources in an effective way. This occurs when the price of the commodity is determined at the level of marginal cost. This marginal cost is equivalent to the average total cost of the products. In addition, Nikaido (2015) cited that the organisations also aimed to set the process of the products higher than the marginal cost under the monopolistic competition. This would in turn reflect the ineffectiveness of the market. The amount is produced when QM and marginal cost curve intersect to each other. Likewise, it can be mentioned that allocative efficiency has taken place when a good is produced at the level, which can maximises the social well being. This situation occurs when the price of the product is equivalent to t he marginal benefits and this also equal to the marginal cost. Nevertheless, the price of the goods under monopolistic competition would be higher than the marginal cost, and the market would not be allocative efficient. Industry where the monopolistic competition prevails In the words of Olabi (2016), it can be mentioned that an industry, where monopolistic competition would be prevailed is that of the hotel or pub industry. Hotels or pubs are considered as the monopolistic competitive market. In this context, it can be stated that there are several hotels in different sectors and there is no barriers to entry and exit. Moreover, it can be added that each of the hotel or pub are closely substitutes at the local super markets. Profit maximisation: According to Parenti, Ushchev Thisse (2017), it can be mentioned that the hotels raise the price up to a certain level above those of the specific hotels with which it make the competition. As it is known the hotels are dissimilar to the other hotels, some of the individuals would continue to support it. Within the restriction, the hotels will be capable to charge their individual and the definite price. The Short run: A hotel competes with the other firms within the market, in which there are no barriers to entry or exit. Therefore, it can be mentioned that the demand curve would be downward sloping. On the other hand, it can be stated of the hotel would raise the price compared to the other competitors, the visitors would prefer to visit other hotels where the price is comparatively lower. Hence, the marginal revenue curve of the hotel would lie under the demand curve as the demand curve is downward sloping. Moreover, the marginal revenue of additional food items of the hotel will be lower than the market price. The long run: With the entry of new firms, the availability of food items in the hotel will be raised. Due to the reduction of demand for the food items, the demand curve of the hotel will be highly elastic. As a result, the demand curve for the hotel will move to the leftward. Therefore, new hotels will constantly enter into the market until the specific hotel would stop to make economic profitability. In addition, it can be mentioned that the zero solution would be noticed when the demand curve for the hotel would be tangent to the average total cost curve. Hence, the price of the foods of the hotel will decrease along with the decrease in output. The characteristics of hotel under monopolistic competition can be discussed in the following: Each firm would be able to take independent decision regarding the price and the output, which is depending upon the products as well as the cost of production. Knowledge is widely spread among the participants; nonetheless, it is unlikely to perfect. On the other hand, consumers have the option o review all the food items, which are obtainable in the hotel before placing the order. However, they would not be able to appreciate the taste and quality of the hotel until they have taken the service. In the points of Park et al., (2015), it can be mentioned that the risks under the monopolistic competitive market is connected with decision making, the entrepreneur has a imperative nature compared to the other firms. In addition, it can be stated that the firms can freely enter or leave into the market. Therefore, it can be inferred that there is no barriers to exit as well as entry (Zhelobodko et al., 2012). It can be observed that there are four types of product differentiation within the market. The first differentiation is associated with the physical product differentiation. Here, the sizes, design, shape, performance of the products are being considered in order to make the products different from the others. Next differentiation is occurred based on the packaging and the other promotional methods of the goods and the promotional process. Thirdly, human capital differentiation is the type of other product differentiation. It is depending upon the skills of the employees. Lastly, the product differentiation is depending upon the through distribution and it considers the mail order as well as the internet shopping. As opined by Phelan et al., (2014), it can be stated that monopolistic competitive firms need to take the help of advertisement. As a result, it can be mentioned that the consumers would be able to know about the product specification and can also identify the differences between the products. Negative externalities As per the case study it can be stated that Adani Groups Carmichael coal mine situated in Queenslands Galilee Basin. Due to their economic operation, third parties have been suffering from the negative externalities. In this context, the first and the second parties are identified as the producers and the customers respectively. An individual is supposed to be a third party. As per the opinion of Roberts (2014), it can be mentioned that negative externality is the cost or the benefit, which affect the party who are not supposed to incur the cost or benefit. Negative externalities are associated with the external cost. The above figure shows the impact of the negative externality. The optimal production quantity has measured by Q2 where the negative externality leads to the output level of Q1. In the above figure, the shaded region highlighted the deadweight loss. The negative externalities, which are related with the Adani Groups coalmine, can be described as the following: It leads to reduce the life expectancy as it discharges several harmful gases such as sulphur dioxide, ozone and other heavy metals, which is dangerous for health. It would lead to the respiratory problems and admit in the health care centres. It would also lead to the severe ailment such as cancer, ataxia and renal dysfunction. It also leads to the reduction of the crop yields, which in turn affect the fertilisers. It also causes the loss of ecosystem as well as environmental degradation. On the other hand, pollution is identified as the negative externality, which is occurred during the operation of Adani Groups Carmichael coalmine. Moreover, it can be mentioned that the individual who are living to the surroundings, will pay for this pollution. On the other hand, the negative externalities will be larger in terms of the medical bills along with the poorer quality of life (Stiglitz Rosengard, 2015). Therefore, it can be mentioned that coal mining by Adani Groups leads to the negative cost to the surroundings of the company. In addition, it can be mentioned that Coal mine releases greenhouse gas, which leads to the issues in the atmosphere. Report says that in every year, Adani Group releases approximately 145 million tons of sulphur. Therefore, it pollutes water due to the emissions of the gravely toxic. In the opinion of Roper, Love Bonner (2017), externalities highlights the observable fact of the lower efficiency, which is beyond the extent of the decision makers under the condition of resource allocation. In a synopsis, it can be stated that the operation of the coal mining reflect the expansion of the economy of the place massively. Therefore, it can be inferred that external diseconomy implies that pollution will damage the ecological and environmental balances. The above figure explains the negative externalities, which is occurred due to the activities associated with the coal mining. The coal industry is assumed as the competitive market. In this context, it can be observed that marginal social cost is higher than the marginal private cost by the quantity of the external cost. Here, the external cost refers the ecological damages such as water pollution. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that as there are no marginal benefits related with the coal mining, therefore, the marginal social benefit would be equivalent to the marginal private benefit. With the help of the above diagram it can be explained that if the individuals consider their private cost then it will be ended with P1 price and Q1 quantity. Moreover, they will not consider the more effectual price P2 as well as the effectual quantity Q2. Therefore, free market is supposed to be unproductive as at the quantity level Q1, the social cost will be higher compared to the social benefit. In this case, individuals of the surroundings will be better off if coal mining will generate between Q1 and Q2. The government of the country also needs to take charge of improvement as Adani group pays for this company. This study is also important to mitigate the negative externalities by developing the ecological recompense mechanism. In other words, ecological services have a definite economic value and hence, it would be able to exchange the perfectly competitive market. Figure 5 explains the connection between the Adani Groups marginal cost and the loss of ecological service. As per the statement of Schweinberger Suedekum (2015), it can be stated that market failure is related with the coal mining, which is imperative to monitor the resource developers in order to restore the affected locality and would be capable to pay for the sufferers. It is benefitted to increase the environmental and the ecological quality to improve the relationship among the resource improvement and the environmental protection. This is significant as the effective process, which will be benefitted to highlight the market failure and the policy failure. References Assenza, T., Grazzini, J., Hommes, C., Massaro, D. (2015). PQ strategies in monopolistic competition: Some insights from the lab.Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,50, 62-77. Balistreri, E. J., Rutherford, T. F. (2013). Computing general equilibrium theories of monopolistic competition and heterogeneous firms.Handbook of Computable General Equilibrium Modeling,1, 1513-1570. Baumol, W. J., Blinder, A. S. (2015).Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Bertoletti, P., Etro, F. (2015). Monopolistic competition when income matters.The Economic Journal. Calvo, J. A. P., Prez, A. M. J. (2016). Optimal extraction policy when the environmental and social costs of the opencast coal mining activity are internalized: Mining District of the Department of El Cesar (Colombia) case study.Energy Economics,59, 159-166. Collier, P., Venables, A. J. (2014). Closing coal: economic and moral incentives.Oxford Review of Economic Policy,30(3), 492-512. Erku?-ztrk, H., Terhorst, P. (2016). Innovative restaurants in a mass-tourism city: Evidence from Antalya.Tourism Management,54, 477-489. Feenstra, R. C. (2016). Gains from Trade Under Monopolistic Competition.Pacific Economic Review,21(1), 35-44. Feng, S., Wang, D., Zhang, X. (2014). Study on Ecological Compensation for Coal Mining Activities Based on Economic Externalities.Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection,2(02), 151. Kirzner, I. M. (2015).Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago press. Lucas, A. (2016). Stranded assets, externalities and carbon risk in the Australian coal industry: The case for contraction in a carbon-constrained world.Energy Research Social Science,11, 53-66. Nikaido, H. (2015).Monopolistic Competition and Effective Demand.(PSME-6). Princeton University Press. Olabi, A. G. (2016). Energy quadrilemma and the future of renewable energy.Energy,108, 1-6. Parenti, M., Ushchev, P., Thisse, J. F. (2017). Toward a theory of monopolistic competition.Journal of Economic Theory,167, 86-115. Park, S. J., Cachon, G. P., Lai, G., Seshadri, S. (2015). Supply chain design and carbon penalty: monopoly vs. monopolistic competition.Production and Operations Management,24(9), 1494-1508. Phelan, A. A., Dawes, L., Costanza, R., Kubiszewski, I. (2017). Evaluation of social externalities in regional communities affected by coal seam gas projects: A case study from Southeast Queensland.Ecological Economics,131, 300-311. Roberts, K. (2014). The limit points of monopolistic competition.Noncooperative Approaches to the Theory of Perfect Competition,3, 141. Roper, S., Love, J. H., Bonner, K. (2017). Firms knowledge search and local knowledge externalities in innovation performance.Research Policy,46(1), 43-56. Schweinberger, A. G., Suedekum, J. (2015). De-industrialization and entrepreneurship under monopolistic competition.Oxford Economic Papers,67(4), 1174-1185. Stiglitz, J. E., Rosengard, J. K. (2015).Economics of the Public Sector: Fourth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Zhelobodko, E., Kokovin, S., Parenti, M., Thisse, J. F. (2012). Monopolistic competition: Beyond the constant elasticity of substitution.Econometrica,80(6), 2765-2784.

Economic analysis of the cell phone oligopoly

Abstract An oligopoly is a market type in which an industry is controlled by a small number of sellers / firms and their products are either homogeneous or are differentiated (Riley, 2006). Market participants usually predict the actions of the competitor. Cell phone industry is a good example of an oligopolistic market structures since the number of organizations serving the industry is small.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Economic analysis of the cell phone oligopoly specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The industry is dominated by organizations such as Nextel/Sprint and Verizon among others. Existence of oligopolistic markets structures exists in markets where there are large initial capital requirements, scarcity of growth opportunities and due to government regulations. The paper will focus on the nature of oligopoly market in cell phone industry. Essentially, it brings forth how firms in the industry compete, how prices are determined, effects of demand elasticity on competition, and the application of the game theory. In addition, the essay discusses the equilibrium point of maximizing profits, advantages and disadvantages of the market structure. Oligopoly competition Oligopoly market structures are characterized by few large suppliers, the products are differentiated or homogeneous and the firm in the industry is driven by self-interest to set prices and output levels to maximize profits. Cell phone industry is of kind where products offered by the players are homogeneous and the competition is judged by the price determination. According to Thomas Charles (2007), the decisions of one company influence the decisions of competitors and also decisions of competitors influence decisions of a company. Generally competition in the industry takes three forms. These are; Free competition and one company become a price leader Larger firms becomes price setters and /leaders while smaller on es become the price-taker. Cartel system exists where firms collude to agree on prices to surpass stiff competition. Generally, the ability of the firm to dominate the market and have probability of control is determined by the economies of scale. This implies that organizations that take advantage of economies of scale in the oligopolistic markets will set lower prices and produce larger quantities becoming cost and price leaders (Thomas Charles, 2007). Conversely, two or more firms in the industry might collude to lessen the level of competition by forming cartels. In this case, small firms will be denied entry and if exist remain as price takers. Typical case in the cell industry is where dominant firm such as Verizon takes lead in making prices and impacts the price decisions on the small firms thus becoming price leader.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Oligopoly price determination If an industry is composed of few cell phone firms each selling identical or homogenous products and having powerful influence on the total market, the price and output program of each is likely to affect the other significantly. This will consequently promote collusion ending to industry cartels. In case there is product differentiation, an oligopolistic firm can raise or lower prices without any fear of losing customers or immediate reactions from his rivals (Thomas Charles, 2007). However, intense competition among them may build up a condition of monopolistic competition. For an individual company in oligopolistic competition, prices are determined as illustrated by the following graph. MC is the marginal costs; MR is the marginal revenues, while AC is the average costs. From the graph, profits are maximized when the marginal cost equals marginal revenues a point noted as equilibrium point (Anon, 2006). The industry faces two demand curves that are normal demand curve and marginal revenue curve that also act as a demand curve. At low prices, the firm faces fairly inelastic market demand. The two market demand curves produce point p which is the firms’ price and maximum revenue point. Therefore, the market demand curve that the oligopolistic structures actually face is the kinked-demand curve (Anon, 2006). From the graph the kinked demand curve can be noted by points BCQ. Oligopolistic prices are determined where marginal costs intersect with marginal revenue curve. Demand elasticity in oligopolistic markets Oligopolistic markets demand curve are mostly kinked as indicated by the above graph. If for instance, one company increases its price above the equilibrium price p, it is assumed that the other firms in the industry will change their prices to affect the market price dynamism. Alternatively, if one firm change prices and it assumes the role of price leadership other companies will be price takers (Riley, 2006). Ideally, the effe ct of price leadership and being price taker is caused by the kinked demand curve. In this case, firms will never change their prices in the short run since a small change may make companies loss customers. Normally, firms in the industry assume price increases, as a strategy to achieve larger market share with lower prices advantages. Moreover, the elasticity will create small gain of customers if prices are largely decreased. This will consequently result into a price war among firms or industry developing cartels. In such case, in the long run new entrants will often enter the industry.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Economic analysis of the cell phone oligopoly specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Game theory in oligopolistic markets Shah, nd, indicates that game theory exists in oligopolistic structures and refers to approaches to gain a competitive position in terms of moves and counter interchanges. The stra tegic approach takes three elements that include firms, strategies and payoffs. Cell phone industry is common example where game theory exists. Organizations such as Verizon and Sprint acts as players, their decisions on pricing and promotions act as strategies while the payoffs are profits or losses they make from such strategic moves. Essentially, firms in the cellphone industry which is oligopolistic market will choose strategies with better payoffs which will further contribute to competitive advantage in the market (Shah, nd). Profit maximization in oligopolistic structures In an oligopoly market, the profit in firm is maximized at a point where marginal revenue curves intersect marginal costs curve. Oligopoly marginal revenue is also a demand curve, and the point where average costs and the demand curve meet determine the maximum profits. According to Riley (2006), â€Å"kinked demand curve model predicts periods of relative price stability under an oligopoly with businesses focusing on non-price competition as a means of reinforcing their market position and increasing their supernormal profits†. Therefore, profits are maximized at an industry level while firms enjoy suboptimal equilibrium. Oligopolistic markets benefits and disadvantages Oligopolistic structures present a number of benefits and disadvantages to consumers. These are; Benefits Better quality of products and lower costs Extended services to customers since firms fight to retain customers at all costs High innovativeness and creativity on new products Discounts and promotions are largely utilized by competition thus consumers get all the information regarding certain products. The contractual contacts usually exist between customers and producers. Disadvantages Oligopolistic competition in most cases leads to collusion of firms to form cartels which erodes the participation of consumers in [prices determination The structure provide a platform of competition where prices a nd pro duction is volatile. Prices are lowered and raised affecting buyer’s rationality. Alliance of various firms to form cartels further brings about stabilization of unsteady markets which is a disadvantage to the economy. References Anon. (2006). Oligopoly. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Riley, G. (2006). Oligopoly market structures overview. Eton College. Web. Shah, A. (nd). Game Theory: Oligopolies. Web. Thomas, C. R. Charles, M. S. (2007). Managerial Economics (10th Ed). New York City: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. This essay on Economic analysis of the cell phone oligopoly was written and submitted by user Alfonso Fletcher to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Diversity in Organizations Essay

Diversity in Organizations Essay Diversity in Organizations Essay Diversity in Organizations Gregory Wright BUS 610 Organizational Behavior Peggy Morrison Monday April 9, 2012 Most people agree that cultural diversity in our workplaces utilizes our country’s skills to its fullest, and contributes to our overall growth and prosperity. The reality of this situation is that progress is slow. While we are in the midst of the longest period of economic growth this country has ever seen, the gap between the â€Å"haves â€Å" and â€Å"haves nots† continues to widen. One of the main reasons for this has been the lack of diversity in corporate America. When a diverse workforce is not developed form top down, African, Hispanic, and Asian Americans are unfairly relegated to lower-skilled, lower-pay positions and are not able to fulfill their true potential. Diversity is and should be an important component for every organization in today’s business climate. The workplace has been growing ever more diverse since the late 1960’s, with important laws such as the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 giving various groups greater equality and increased rights in the workplace. Diversity has increased because the workforce has seen an increase of people such as: women, people with different sexual orientations, immigrants, those with minority groups or representing a minority religion, and those with disabilities. Companies that understand and integrate these differences into their company culture stand to gain a great deal of various opinions and input when it comes to the company’s overall operational tactics. Organizational culture can be loosely defined as the shared assumptions, beliefs, and normal behaviors of a group. This group consists of the individuals within a company and each individual person in the company contributes their ideas, based partially on their beliefs and experiences outside of the workplace, to affect how the workplace operates. Companies that embrace the different perspectives and opportunities that can be offered with a diverse workforce allow opportunities for more constructive and effective performance in the company. In addition the company culture also dictates how the company operates on a daily basis, down to the basic structure of the company. I read in one article that company culture can be composed differently; either as a structured or unstructured and as a friendly or more market based culture focusing on results instead of friendliness among employees. It is also important to understand an organizations culture so that the proper direction can be given. Additionally, gathering input from the employees and overlooking the company’s cultural composition, including the future company vision would allow company leaders to create an environment that allows the company culture to mesh with a diverse workforce. It will more than likely be difficult for companies to undergo such an in-depth o f their cultural and diverse compositions, but an understanding of the most basic company principles will allow the successful company to build a company culture that engenders a diverse workforce to propel the company forward to heightened success. Companies that expend the time and effort to embrace, understand, and develop diversity approaches will see a company culture that works harder, creates a more hospitable working environment, and ultimately increases company profitability. Culturally diverse organizations experience a wealth of benefits, including more ideas from a widely diverse group of people, which when aligned, will create more energy expendable on reaching unified company goals. One of the core values of the United States is equal opportunity and favoritism of an

Strategic Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Marketing - Assignment Example Nike’s strategy has always been to develop their brand with global perspective by creating a motivational consumer base for the company. Nike tries to influence the brand perception of the consumers and can sustain it by adding materialistic benefits in marketing strategy. In order to sustain in the competitive scenario, it is recommended to the company that enhancing their business into the motor sports segments will create a bigger market place for the Nike. Also they can develop their connection with the consumers if Nike endorses athletes who are close to their consumers or local athletes. Marketing concepts and strategies are evolving rapidly with the growing competition in the corporate sector. New forms of marketing such as viral marketing, guerilla marketing, etc. are now forming exclusive segments of the marketing process of the business houses. As defined by Beard (2008), strategic marketing helps the firms to align their business objectives with the market demands and creates consumer awareness. Grà ¶nroos (2010) added that the primary objective of a strategic marketing process is to help the business develop a long-term sustainable competitive advantage. Combining the above two definitions it can be observed that strategic marketing helps in developing a competitive advantage by allying the business objectives with market requirements. Nike is known to be one of the pioneers of the modern day marketing process. They have established themselves as one of the leading brands in the sportswear industry (Anderson and Narus, 2007). The strategic marketing concept o f Nike will be analysed in context to the role of services in marketing and factors that can be included to boost the marketing effectiveness of the company. The researcher will try to evaluate the gaps in the marketing strategy of Nike in terms of the service marking strategy and provide

Likes and dideerecnes of computing variances Assignment

Likes and dideerecnes of computing variances - Assignment Example Having been defined as the square of mean differences between each number in a data set and the mean of all the numbers in the set, the variance is a derivative of differences between the same numbers. Computing the variance of a data set is therefore equivalent to analyzing the difference between the same numbers (Wegner, 2010). The definition of variance as a measure of dispersion also explains the relationship between the variance and the difference between points. A data set with a higher magnitude variance, for instance, means that data points in the set are far apart from each other, a factor that indicates greater variation from the mean. The gaps between the data points however defines the differences between the points and this means that computing the variance and analyzing differences between data points generate the same understanding on distribution of data in the set (Madrigal,

Urban Regeneration Of The Melbourne Docklands Area Environmental Sciences Essay

Urban Regeneration Of The Melbourne Docklands Area Environmental Sciences Essay It can be a challenge to introduce sustainable mixed-use infill development elements into existing cities because of the density issue. Since the attitude of communities of the public is that; high densities contribute to crime (Dekle and Mofson 1997) While plans are created for the redevelopment of urban centres and former industrial areas in Australia (VicUrban 2006) and around the world, many existing cities, struggle with environmental, and economic problems, shattered urban areas, as well as present of public health social problems of inequality. Sustainability measures can be included as a key part of any infill strategy. to improve social equity (HSP and PIA 2009) The demand for new homes in Melbourne is unsatisfied as elsewhere around Australia. Redeveloping brown-fields to meet part of this demand can add valuable benefits other than meeting the need for homes within the city (Melbourne 2007). It can add to any city vitality, also it can reduce the need to develop  ¿Ã‚ ½green-fields ¿Ã‚ ½ sites. As well as closeness of homes near to centres of activity encourages use of public transport, walking and cycling in addition to reduces the dependency on private cars. (HSP and PIA 2009) Measures of diversity in the SD plan have to taken into concidiration needs are best met by ensuring that an appropriate range of small, medium and large family homes is available. So the market will not over supply of small homes and a shortage of  ¿Ã‚ ½lifetime ¿Ã‚ ½ homes The recent growth of urban brown-field redevelopment and greenfield initiatives is a positive indicator of the redirected priorities of the public and private sectors to re The following case study reveals how the inclusion of sustainable growth in a large-scale urban redevelopment can strengthen a shattered urban area and create an efficient functional and iconic ESD Case Study: Urban renewal of Melbourne Docklands, Australia Pre-conditions leading to infill development: The Docklands Area it is located on Victoria Harbor in South Australia (SA) in the heart of Melbourne city; situated nearby the Yarra River and directly southwest of the Melbourne central business area (DSE 2005). Since 1970 to 1990s the Docklands Area was a major source of pollution to the harbor neighbourhood in Melbourne city due to past industrial activities (DSE 2005) because of that the area has endure from disinvestment. However, the need for quayside areas in developed countries in the 1980 including Australia has reduced due to globalization; Shipping, heavy industry and manufacturing has been repositioned to developing nations such as China (Dekle and Mofson 1997). One of the difficulties to redevelop in Docklands was; land contamination, since most of it has been used for industrial activities for years (Commonwealth 2009). The Docklands area needed major design involvement to renew the vacant land as well as clean up the nearby stream (REF). Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD): Melbourne Docklands In the recent peak oil era and the promote trend of globalisation and sustainability, it was apparently predictable that Melbourne CBD and Docklands area would be converted from heavy industry and shipping activities to a high-rise residential and light commercial areas (VicUrban 2006). In addition to the value of real estates in Australian cities, as in Europe increases; by means of closeness to both the central business quarter and waterfront (REA 2010) While Docklands land is state-owned, it has been developed in partnership between the government and the private sector with national and international developers. (VicUrban 2010a). Docklands redevelopment is one of largest Brown-field urban renewal projects in Australia (Commonwealth 2009). As shown in map below Docklands redevelopment is a 200-acre Brown-Field development (VicUrban 2010a) The Docklands redevelopment began in 1989 with the intention of setting a worldwide precedent to incorporate all aspects of sustainability; social, cultural, economic, and environmental (VicUrban 2006) There are eight ESD principles for Melbourne Docklands as indicated in the ESD Guide 2006: 1. Conserve and protect natural resources 2. Create long-term value 3. Maximise precinct opportunities 4. Balance economic, social and environmental outcomes 5. Set standards, requirements and benchmarks, and continually review 6. Develop a collaborative approach, and capture and communicate knowledge 7. Promote alternative transport opportunities 8. Create a healthy urban environment In 2004 the PIA Victoria Division has awarded the Docklands Development with Planning Excellence in the Community Based Planning Category and Planning for Health and Wellbeing (PIA 2004) The (VicUrban) Victorian Governments sustainable urban development agency has entered the award through a strategic plan that has engaged extensive research and consultation with local residence of Docklands community, local government and developers to deliver; public services and social sustainability at Melbourne Docklands.  ¿Ã‚ ½Place and Community: Implementing Sustainable Communities at Melbourne Docklands 2004-2020 ¿Ã‚ ½ plan (VicUrban 2004) Source: (Melbourne 2010) VicUrban Plan for community wellbeing identifies facilities, superiority of service and presents an on-going monitoring program that keep an eye on execution of the plan (VicUrban 2004). This Practical fresh approach is driven from innovative service organizations to deliver the needs of the existing and future community of Melbourne. The plan has advertise itself as  ¿Ã‚ ½healthy and active Docklands ¿Ã‚ ½ by focusing on variety of strategies and services intended to endorse diversity of community, its development and inhabitants wellbeing as well as workers and visitors (PIA 2004). In addition, the plan aims to create alternative active modes of transportation; such as walking and cycling, road safety (VicUrban 2004). As it is predicted by the Department of Sustainability and Environment in Victoria (DES); in 2030 population of Melbourne will grow by one million people (DSE 2005) as a result the need to redevelop or regenerate more of existing brown-fields sites in inner city is essential to achieve goals of sustainable environment, urban amenity and community development (PIA 2004). This approach has been adopted by Victoria government and VicUrban to change the face of Melbourne traditional CBD and to improve waterfront of the city by creating more compact with higher density developments that is easy to be serviced in a sustainable way. The plan is to create  ¿Ã‚ ½development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability for future generations to meet their own needs ¿Ã‚ ½ (WCED, et al. 1987) pp1 To Achieve a Sustainable Developments (SD) in Docklands that meets present and future needs the plan focuses and balance between three aspects or the  ¿Ã‚ ½three bottom lines ¿Ã‚ ½ Environment, Social (Equity) and Economy (Gilbert et al., 1996). As shown in table below according with state of Victoria strategy population projections of Docklands it is estimated to increase from 6,000 residents in 2009 to 17,000 by 2020 (VicUrban 2010a) Population Start 2009 End 2009 2015 2020 Residents 6,000 6,500 11,000 17,000 Workers 12,000 19,000 30,000 40,000 Visitors 8 million p.a. 10 million p.a. 13 million p.a 20 million p.a. Development investment $5.5 billion $6 billion $9 billion $12 billion TABLE 1: DOCKLANDS POPULATION PROJECTIONS, Source: (VicUrban 2010a) While Docklands land is state-owned, it has been developed in partnership between the government and the private sector with national and international developers. (VicUrban 2010a). Docklands is one of largest Brown-field urban renewal projects in Australia (Commonwealth 2009). It is a mixed-use development includes eight precincts as shown in table XXX late 2009 $6 billion of development is either completed or under construction with a final development value of $12 billion by 2020 that will create a wide variety of jobs for 40,000 people (VicUrban 2010a)

Event Management Essay

Event management is a part of management studies that aims to apply science of project management to the organization of functions, festivals and special occasions with the aim of successfully conducting the entire event to achieve its purpose. The corporate and business world has realized the significance of a smoothly conducted business in their growth and expansion plan and therefore event management has emerged as an independent market and entrepreneurship area. Today concept and knowledge of event management is applied from events like Olympic, Asian games to corporate parties and even organizing a coffee evening with just 10 guests. The whole idea is infusing professionalism in the entire business of handling the events. The international corporate world has understood the significance of event management as a major public relation exercise that is required for it to seamlessly conduct its operations. This issue takes important form especially when multinational companies are increasingly diversifying their operations. Often they are required to hold promotional events, fete, programs and cultural-social evening in places where they have no prior exposure to the aesthetical tastes and preferences of the local population. Under such circumstances, a flaw or incorrect approach towards presentation and promotional activity can backfire, and bring discredit to the company and its further plans in the popular perception. Under these circumstances, a local event management company with understanding of local customs and tastes can help the multinational corporate giants by successfully organizing the event. Event management offers corporate heads with readymade set of solutions for a wide variety of situations, whether it is conducting franchisee meeting,   a Q&A round with employees, a corporate presentation, a sales and marketing presentation, product launching, satellite video meeting, trade shows and parties, sport shows, and almost every conceivable function involving logistic, management planning and effective and timely mobilization of resources . With integration and convergence of various streams of media, event management also now comprises over media management, press release and public address, thus helping to provide a completely polished front to the corporate sector. As it can be understood, event management requires a sound knowledge by the organizing company on the purpose of the event, target audience, securing sponsorship and exhibiting complete integrity in securing objectives of the event. As a lot has to be achieved in a limited time frame, every event runs on a risk that a slight mistake can result in a flop show, causing embarrassment to the sponsors and the promoters.

History of Film: Film Distribution

There were many changes in marketing and distribution of films from end of the silent period to the modern digital period. There was a studio system that existed at the end of the silent period and collapsed in 1949 with a court ruling. During this same time a sales era of marketing existed. After the Second World War the sales era was replaced with a new way of thinking and sales and marketing were not synonymous anymore.Marketing after World War II meant finding out what consumers’ needs and wants were and providing them with products to satisfy those needs and wants. Globalization began to occur rapidly in the 90’s and expansion in foreign market meant marketers had to concentrate on this market more than they had in the past. The digital period also meant changes of first runs and second runs for films. The studio system was a means of film production and distribution dominant in Hollywood from the early 1920s through the early 1950s.The term studio system refers to the practice of large motion picture studios (a) producing movies primarily on their own filmmaking lots with creative personnel under often long-term contract and (b) pursuing vertical integration through ownership or effective control of distributors and movie theaters, guaranteeing additional sales of films through manipulative booking techniques. A 1948 Supreme Court ruling against those distribution and exhibition practices hastened the end of the studio system.In 1954, the last of the operational links between a major production studio and theater chain was broken and the era of the studio system was officially dead. The period lasted from the introduction of sound to the court ruling and the beginning of the studio breakups; about 1927 to 1954, when the studios no longer participated in the theatre business. During the Golden Age, eight companies comprised the so-called major studios responsible for the studio system.Of these eight, five were fully integrated conglomerates, combining ownership of a production studio, distribution division, and substantial theater chain, and contracting with performers and filmmaking personnel: Fox (later 20th Century-Fox), Loew's Incorporated (owner of America's largest theater circuit and parent company to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer), Paramount Pictures, RKO (Radio-Keith-Orpheum), and Warner Bros. Two majors, Universal Pictures and Columbia Pictures were similarly organized, though they never owned more than small theater circuits.The eighth of the Golden Age majors, United Artists, owned a few theaters and had access to two production facilities owned by members of its controlling partnership group, but it functioned primarily as a backer-distributor, loaning money to independent producers and releasing their films. The ranking of the Big Five in terms of profitability (closely related to market share) was largely consistent during the Golden Age: MGM was number one eleven years running, 1931 to 41.With the exception of 193 2 when all the companies but MGM lost money. One of the techniques used to support the studio system was block booking, a system of selling multiple films to a theater as a unit. Such a unit, frequently twenty films, typically included no more than a few quality movies, the rest perceived as low-grade filler to bolster the studio's finances. On May 4, 1948, in a federal antitrust suit known as the Paramount case but brought against the entire Big Five, the U. S. Supreme Court specifically outlawed block booking.Holding that the conglomerates were indeed in violation of antitrust, the justices refrained from making a final decision as to how that fault should be remedied, but the case was sent back to the lower court from which it had come with language that suggested divorcement the complete separation of exhibition interests from producer-distributor operations was the answer. The Big Five, though, seemed united in their determination to fight on and drag out legal proceedings for years as they had already proven adept at after all, the Paramount suit had originally been filed on July 20, 1938.The sales era is called the sales era because many companies' main priority was to move their products out of the factory using a variety of selling techniques. The sales era lasted from the early 20’s to the end of the World War II. Compare this to the cinema and both the sales era and studio system era align closing on a time period. During The sales era, companies felt that they could enhance their sales by using a variety of promotional techniques designed to inform potential customers about and/or persuade them to buy their products. This type of thinking was initiated by the economic climate of the time.The selling concepts related markets that already existed, where globalization hadn’t yet occurred and creating profit pools hadn’t even been thought of yet. However October 29, 1929—†Black Tuesday†Ã¢â‚¬â€marked the beginnin g of the Great Depression. This was the single most devastating financial day in the history of the New York Stock Exchange. Within the first few hours that the stock market was open, prices fell so far as to wipe out all the gains that had been made in the previous year. Since the stock market was viewed as the chief indicator of the American economy, public confidence was shattered.Between October 29 and November 13 (when stock prices hit their lowest point), more than $30 billion disappeared from the American economy— comparable to the total amount the United States had spent on its involvement in World War I (Schultz, 1999). The amount of disposable and discretionary income that consumers had to spend on necessities and luxuries also decreased dramatically as the unemployment rate approached 25 percent. Companies found that they could no longer sell all the products that they produced, even though prices had been lowered via mass production.Firms now had to get rid of the ir excess products in order to convert those products into cash. In order to get rid of products, many firms developed sales forces and relied on personal selling, advertising signs, and singing commercials on the radio to â€Å"move† the product. Theodore Levitt(1960), a prominent marketing scholar, has noted that these firms were not necessarily concerned with satisfying the customer, but rather with selling the product. This sales orientation dominated business practice through the 1930s until World War II, when most firms' manufacturing facilities were adapted to making machinery and equipment for the war effort.Of course, the war dramatically changed the environment within which business was conducted. This also changed companies' philosophies of doing business. The marketing concept era, a crucial change in management philosophy can be linked to the shift from a seller’s market, where there were more buyers for few good and services, to a buyer’s market, w here there were more goods and services than people were willing to buy them. When World War II ended, factories stopped manufacturing war supplies and started turning out consumer products again, an activity that had practically stopped during the war.The relationship marketing era follows the marketing concept era. Relationship marketing succeeds the marketing concept era; however most firms are still practicing the marketing concept use of marketing. The advent of a strong buyers market created the need for consumer orientation by businesses. Companies had to market good and services, not just produce them, but sell them to. This realization has been identified as the emergence of the marketing concept. Marketing would no longer be regarded as supplemental activity performed after completion of the production process. Instead, the marketer ould play a leading role in product planning. Marketing and selling would no longer be synonymous terms. Today’s fully developed market ing concept is a companywide consumer with the objective of achieving long-run success. All facets and all levels of management of the organization must contribute first to assessing and then to satisfying customer wants and needs. Even during tough economic times, when companies tend to emphasize cutting costs and boosting revenues, the marketing concept focuses on the objective of achieving long-run success instead of short term profits.The firm’s survival and growth are built into the marketing concept; companywide consumer orientation should lead to greater long-run profits. Gone With the Wind, released December 15th 1939, was no doubt a cash cow. In the film’s 8th closing week it had already earned $5,567,000, where it began to see profit. By June 1st 1940 the film had already made its year and half goal of over 20 million; a very sizeable profit for the producers of the film. It did however require a large amount of investment from its producer David O. Selznick, of almost 4 million in production costs, and another million in marketing expenses.Adjusted for inflation it would have nearly been 50 million in production costs alone. David Selznick must have known his film was going to be a big hit. He paid $50,000 for the rights to a New York Times bestselling book. If the film was going to do as well as the book he knew he was going to see a large profit from his cash cow. It wasn’t common to have a worldwide release during the studio system era like it is today. Typically films would be released in their native country first and then a few months later it would be released in countries with speaking languages the same as the country of origin.In North America the first run of a film refers to the exhibition of theatres it would play in. A first run of a film would only play in the major cities in the downtown areas in the â€Å"de luxe† first run film theatre. These theatres would seat anywhere between 1500 to 5000 people in on e room to one screen. This is of course before the days of digitization where people can view the film on DVD, and before the days of multiplexes. First run films had a higher ticket premium than that of second run or subsequent runs of the film. Gone With the Wind is said to have charged $0. 5 for a matinee viewing of the film and up to $2. 20 at Manhattan’s Astor in its first run. Compare this to the $0. 23 average ticket price in that year, the price was very high. Gone With the Wind’s first run lasted two and half years and was seen by 203 million people. It played in 156 theatres in 150 cities domestically. Gone With the Wind was eventually released around the world. Box office revenue for foreign release is much harder to calculate. Gone With the Wind made $30 million in domestic revenue and $19 million in foreign revenue in its first run.Adjusted for inflation that amount would total about $755,821,500. 00 today. (Dollar Times) Most of Gone With the Wind’ s came from domestic revenue, about 63. 3 percent. Enter 2009. Many things have changed. Firstly a new marketing era is now in place. The studio system has collapsed. Globalization is not a competitive advantage of the studio system period, it is a competitive necessity. Films that do not compete in the global market do not compete at all. First runs last only weeks, months if the film is a really big hit.First runs are not only in the downtown theatres but also in the neighborhood theatres, and now in the muitlplex theatres. A second run in today’s language is when the film hits the new release section of the rental shop. In its third month Avatar is a big hit. At the time of this writing it is still playing in its first run. How does it compare to Gone With the Wind? Avatar is currently being seen on 3,452 theatres in hundreds of countries. Estimated to cost $280 million to make Avatar is much more expensive to make, even for adjusting inflation that Gone With the Wind.Curr ently domestic box office revenue is $710,842,764, and its foreign box office revenue amounts to $1,839,000,000. This is prove of the globalization of the cinema industry. The majority of the box office revenue no longer comes from domestic revenue but rather from the foreign market. Avatar is not only seen on the traditional 2D screens that Gone With the Wind was but it also seen on 3D screens, and IMAX screens, allowing for price alterations between the different formats the film is viewed in. It will be interesting to see how Avatar does when it ends its first run and enters its second run.A film that has ended its first run and second run is much more accurate to compare with Gone With the Wind since the film would have been shown at neighborhood theatres two and half years after it was first released. Titanic was released in 1997 and has ended both its first and second run. How did these two films compare? Titanic’s production budget was $200 million compared to Gone Wit h the Wind’s adjusted for inflation budget of 50 million. Total gross revenue for Titanic has reached $1,843,201,268, while Gone With the Wind has reached $400,176,459.Adjusted for inflation Titanic would have reached nearly 3 billion in total gross revenue at $2,996,049,690. If Gone With the Wind were adjusted for total gross revenue it would reach $3,099,918,548. Total gross revenue includes first run, second run, and all other revenue that comes from the film, including T. V rights, rentals, VHS and DVD sales. It can be concluded that the importance of globalization in the film industry is more important now than it was during the studio system period. The way in which films are exhibited today is very different than it was during the studio period.First run theatres do not exist in the same way they did during the studio system period. Second runs of films were in theatres and now they are a way in which the audience may view the film on their terms, following the marketi ng concept idea. Consumers choose the way in which they consume products. The industry adapts to this and finds new ways to market their ideas and invents new products for the consumer to consume.Works Cited ‘Avatar' Passes ‘Titanic's' Overseas Record. The Hollywood Reporter, 24 Jan. 2010. Web. . Boone, Louis E. and David L. Kurtz. Contemporary Marketing. [Mason, Ohio]: Thomson South-Western, 2006. Print. Box Office, Associated Publications. â€Å"What If the Government Wins Its Suit? † Editorial. Boxoffice 1 June 1940. Print. Crane, Fredrick G. , Roger A. Kerin, Steven W. Hartley, Eric N. Berkowitz, and William Rudelius. Marketing 6th Canadian Edition. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2006. Print. Frankly, My Dear â€Å"Gone with the Wind† Revisited. Yale University Press, 9 Feb. 2009. Web. . HBrothers. â€Å"Inflation Calculator The Changing Value of a Dollar. Web. IMDb. com, Inc. â€Å"Avatar, Titanic, Gone With the WInd. † Avatar, Titanic, Gone Wit h the WInd. IMDb. com, Inc. , 4 Mar. 2010. Web. . King, Clyde Lyndon, Frank A. Tichenor, and Gordon S. Watkins. The Motion Picture in Its Economic and Social Aspects. New York: Arno, 1970. Print. Rebecca Keegan, Rebecca. â€Å"How Much Did Avatar Really Cost? † Vanity Fair 22 Dec. 2009: 112. Print. Shindler, Colin. Hollywood in Crisis: Cinema and American Society, 1929-1939. London: Routledge, 1996. Print. TIME. â€Å"SHOW BUSINESS: Record Wind. † TIME

Definition and Examples of Philippics

Philippic is  discourse (traditionally an oration) that is characterized by fierce condemnation of a subject; a diatribe or rant. The term philippic (from Greek philippikos) is derived from the virulent denunciations of Philip II of Macedon delivered by Demosthenes of Athens in the fourth century BC. Demosthenes is commonly regarded as the greatest orator of his age. See Examples and Observations, below. Novelist Donna Tartts Philippic Against Prescriptive Usage Michael Pietsch: Before I began editing your book, you sent a philippic against standardization. You declared that spell-check, auto-correct, and (if I recall correctly) even sacred cows like Strunk White and the Chicago Manual of Style are the writer’s enemies, that the writer’s voice and choice are the highest standard. Do you have advice for other writers confronted with editorial standardization?Donna Tartt: Was it really a philippic? I thought it was more a cordial memorandum.Pietsch: Two-thirds of the way through a set of notes to the copy editor, you wrote: I am terribly troubled by the ever-growing tendency to standardized and prescriptive usage, and I think that the Twentieth century, American-invented conventions of House Rules and House Style, to say nothing of automatic computer functions like Spellcheck and AutoCorrect, have exacted an abrasive, narrowing, and destructive effect on the way writers use language and ultimately on the language itself. Journalism and newspaper writing are one thing; House Style indubitably very valuable there; but as a literary novelist who writes by hand, in a notebook, I want to be able to use language for texture and Ive intentionally employed a looser, pre-twentieth century model rather than running my work through any one House Style mill. Tartt: Well--Im not saying that the writers voice is always the highest standard; only that a lot of writers who are fine stylists and whose work I love wouldnt make it past a contemporary copy editor armed with the Chicago Manual, including some of the greatest writers and stylists of the 19th and 20th century. (Donna Tartt and Michael Pietsch, The Slate Book Review Author-Editor Conversation. Slate, October 11, 2013) Paul Simons Simple Desultory Philippic I been Norman Mailered, Maxwell Taylored.I been John OHarad, McNamarad.I been Rolling Stoned and Beatled till Im blind.I been Ayn Randed, nearly brandedCommunist, cause Im left-handed.Thats the hand I use, well, never mind! . . .I been Mick Jaggered, silver daggered.Andy Warhol, wont you please come home?I been mothered, fathered, aunt and uncled,Been Roy Haleed and Art Garfunkeled.I just discovered somebodys tapped my phone. [Paul Simon, A Simple Desultory Philippic (or How I Was Robert McNamarad into Submission). Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme by Simon Garfunkel. Columbia, 1966] The Philippics of Demosthenes (384-323 BC) From 351 BCE, until his self-induced death by poison in 323 BCE (to avoid death at the hands of Philip of Macedons soldiers), Demosthenes turned his talents to public affairs, particularly to rallying the Athenian people against the imminent threat of invasion by Philip...The Philippics are speeches delivered by Demosthenes between the years 351 BCE and 340 BCE. There are four Philippics orations although Dobson doubts that the fourth is legitimate. The first two Philippics are calls to the Athenian people to resist Philip before Athens itself is threatened with domination by the barbarian from the north. The Third Philippic occurs after Philip has gained control of many parts of the Athenian empire and is about to march on the city of Olynthus. Demosthenes pleads urgently and desperately for a military mission to help the Olynthians and prepare for war. Despite his failure in rousing the Athenian people to arm themselves against Philip, Demosthenes Philippic orations are considered masterpieces of rhetorical invention and technique. (James J. Murphy, Richard A. Katula, and Michael Hoppmann, A Synoptic History of Classical Rhetoric, 4th ed. Routledge, 2014) The Philippics of Cicero (106-43 BC) With Julius Caesars assassination in 44 BCE Cicero re-entered a political arena that granted him an opportunity to renew his consular voice and use his Republican rhetoric, now against Caesars lieutenant Marcus Antonius. These Philippics allowed Caesar to revive his Demosthenic persona and to provide a capstone to his claim to be the near embodiment of the [Roman] Republic, boasting at the start of the Second Philippic that in twenty years there has been no enemy of the Republic who has not also simultaneously declared war on Cicero... Ciceros proscription by the triumvirs and his brutal murder showed that he miscalculated his rhetorics power to impose his image of the Republic upon this changed political landscape.Ciceros final stand on behalf of the Republic in his speeches against Antony secured his heroization as the orator who embodied the Republic and its values, his contradictions and compromises largely forgotten.(John Dugan, Rhetoric and the Roman Republic. The Cambridge Com panion to Ancient Rhetoric, ed. by Erik Gunderson. Cambridge University Press, 2009)Despite the final outcome, Ciceros fourteen extant orations against Antony (perhaps three more are lost) may be felt to represent his finest hour. . . . Cicero invokes a rhetoric of crisis, in which good is pitted against evil with no room for compromise (cf. Wooten 1983; Hall 2002: 283-7). Even his style has changed. Sentences are shorter, periodic structures less frequent, and main ideas are not kept in suspense until a sentence ends . . ..(Christopher P. Craig, Cicero as Orator. A Companion to Roman Rhetoric, ed. by William Dominik and Jon Hall. Blackwell, 2010) The Lighter Side of Philippics A PHILIPPIC*Down with that phrase soporific, bromidic--Whatever that is--Relic of days paleozoic, druidic--Whatever that is.Does one remark, in a tone unspectacular,I think the comet diffusely opacular,Some one will cry in the vulgar vernacular:Whatever that is!Curses on him who invented the sloganWhatever that is!Jump on his neck with an ensiform brogan--Whatever that is.Phrase without meaning, bourgeois and pestiferous,Phrase that is wearying, dull and somniferous,Here is anathema umbraculiferous--Whatever that is.*Whateverthatis. (Franklin Pierce Adams, By and Large. Doubleday, 1920)